Recently, the Parliament 20 (P20) summit was held in New Delhi, bringing together parliamentary speakers from G20 countries. This engagement group aims to introduce a parliamentary dimension to global governance under the theme "Parliaments for One Earth, One Family, One Future."
The event featured an exhibition titled "Mother of Democracy," showcasing India's ancient democratic traditions and values. It highlighted India's rich democratic legacy, emphasizing the importance of equality, harmony, freedom, acceptability, and inclusivity, which have been integral to Indian culture from ancient times to the present.
How is India the Mother of Democracy?
India's claim as the "Mother of Democracy" is rooted in its ancient traditions, historical evolution of democratic institutions, and its enduring values and principles that have influenced modern democratic governance. Here’s a detailed examination:
Ancient Concept:
Deep Historical Roots:
- Democracy in India is not a recent phenomenon but has a long and deeply rooted history. The relationship between the ruler and the ruled has often been compared to that of a father and progeny.
- The concept of Dharma (duty) is fundamental in Indian democracy, encompassing the obligations of both the king (Raja Dharma) and the people (Praja Dharma).
Core Values:
- Harmony, Freedom, Acceptability, Equality, and Inclusivity: These core values underpin the dignified lives of citizens.
- Inclusivity in Decision-Making: The democratic family structures and women's participation in assemblies reflect the inclusive nature of early democratic processes in India.
- Public Consent: The historical tradition of participatory democracy underscores public involvement in selecting and approving rulers, likening the ruler's role to a caring father ensuring the people's welfare.
Philosophical Foundation of Democracy:
Democratic-Spiritual-Social Ethos:
- The ancient Indian scripture Rigveda states: "Ekam Sad Vipra Bahudha Vadanti"—“The Supreme Reality is One, the sages call Him by various names.” This highlights the pluralistic ethos of Indian society.
- Equality is emphasized as the soul of democracy, with philosophers, saints, and poets across India preaching its importance over centuries.
How Have Democratic Institutions Evolved Since Ancient Times?
Public Participation in the Vedic Era (6000 BCE - 1100 BCE):
- The four Vedas (Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Samveda, and Yajurveda) encompass a comprehensive civilizational value system.
- The Rigveda and Atharvaveda mention representative bodies like Sabha, Samiti, and Sansad, terms still in use today.
Democratic Governance in Epics:
- The Ramayana: Emphasizes governance for the people's welfare, as seen in Rama's unanimous selection as king for Ayodhya.
- The Mahabharata: Addresses ethics, morality, and governance, notably in Bhishma's advice to Yudhishthira, with the Bhagavad Gita offering ancient guidance on duties.
Mahajanapada and Gantantra (7th and 8th Century BCE):
- Ancient governance models included 15 Kingships with a council and 10 Republics where the Head was elected.
- Texts like Ashtadhyayi highlight 'Loktantrik' institutions – Gana, Puga, Nigama, Janapada.
Jainism and Buddhism:
- Jainism (7th century BCE): Promotes pluralism through Anekanatavada, acknowledging multiple facets of truth and fostering co-existence and tolerance.
- Buddhism (since 500 BCE): Bauddha Sangha, founded by Gautama Buddha, exemplified early democratic practices with open discussions and elections for leaders.
Kautilya and Arthashastra (350 - 275 BCE):
- Kautilya's Arthashastra asserts that the ruler's happiness and welfare depend on the people's well-being, embodying the democratic principle of serving, not ruling.
Megasthenes and Diodorus Siculus’ Records (300 BCE):
- Ancient Greeks noted democratic governance in various states, commending Indians for equal liberty and absence of slavery.
Ashoka’s Governance (265 - 238 BCE):
- Emperor Ashoka established governance promoting peace and wellbeing through systematic ministerial elections every five years.
Fa Xian’s Records, 5th century CE:
- Observations highlighted the Indian respect for people, Rule of Law, and public welfare.
Shrenisangha System, 876 CE:
- Democratic administration involved electing and holding accountable administrative officials, including guilds and town leaders.
Uthiramerur Inscriptions, 919 CE:
- South Indian inscriptions affirmed democratic elections and local self-governance a thousand years ago.
Vijayanagar Empire’s Governance:
- Emphasized self-governance at the village level, showcasing participatory governance.
Padishah Akbar (1556 – 1605 CE):
- Practiced inclusive governance, introduced "Sulh-i-Kul" to combat religious discrimination, and fostered harmony.
Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630-1680 CE):
- Advocated democratic governance, ensuring equal rights through the Agya Patra.
The Constitution of India (1947 Onwards):
- Establishes a modern, democratic Republic, with equality and universal suffrage.
Elections in Modern India (1952 Onwards):
- India has experienced numerous elections, ensuring peaceful transfers of power, reflecting its deep-rooted democratic ethos.
Sources that Help in Rediscovering Indian Democracy:
- Rich Literary Heritage: Epics like Mahabharat and Ramayan influence the concepts of democracy and dharma.
- Democratic Values: Persisted throughout history, with influence from both Western and traditional values.
- Continuity of Values: Despite historical challenges, India retains its democratic spirit.
What Role can India Play as the Mother of Democracy?
Nurturing Values:
- India can nurture fundamental democratic values through its diverse cultural heritage.
Public Awareness:
- Promote civic engagement and political participation.
Modern Education:
- Foster democratic principles through a curriculum that encourages critical thinking and inclusivity.
Global Leadership in Forums like G20:
- Advocate for open dialogue, human rights, and inclusive policies, amplifying developing nations' voices.
India's Leadership:
- Reflect commitment to democratic values and international cooperation.
Collective Strength:
- Emphasize collaboration, consensus, and unity to overcome challenges and achieve goals.
Conclusion:
India’s rich democratic heritage and core values, showcased in the Parliament 20 (P20) Summit, emphasize inclusivity, equality, and harmony. India's role in the G20 demonstrates its commitment to democratic principles and belief in collective strength to address global challenges, inspiring future generations to embrace these values through education and public awareness initiatives.
